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Norman Raymond Frederick Maier (1900–1977) was an American experimental psychologist who worked primarily at the University of Michigan. Although rarely discussed today, Maier's research received extensive publicity in its day. In 1931, he invented the two-cords problem.〔Functional fixedness〕 Together with his student Theodore C. Schneirla, Maier authored the classic textbook, ''Principles of Animal Psychology'' (1935). His research on rats during the 1930s and 1940s challenged the reigning behaviorist paradigm, by postulating cognitive processes akin to what was then being described by psychoanalysis. In the 1950s he changed his area of research to industrial psychology, he claimed in response to prejudicial treatment of him in the profession.〔Dewsbury, (1993).〕 Maier graduated with a BA from the University of Michigan in 1923. After a year of graduate work, he studied at the University of Berlin during 1925 and 1926, and completed his PhD at Michigan in 1928. He was a National Research Council Fellow with Karl Lashley at the University of Chicago in 1929-1931, and joined the faculty at Michigan in 1931. The formative influences on Maier included John Shepard at Michigan; Wolfgang Kohler, Max Wertheimer, and Kurt Lewin in Berlin; Karl Lashley and Heinrich Kluver at Chicago. ==Books== On animal psychology *''Reasoning in white rats'' (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press,1929; originally a thesis presented at the University of Michigan in 1928) *(H. Willard Reninger ) ''A psychological approach to literary criticism'' (New York, London: D. Appleton and Company, 1933) *(T.C. Schneirla ) ''Principles of animal psychology'' (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1935; revised ed. 1964) *''A further analysis of reasoning in rats. II. The integration of four separate experiences in problem solving. III. The influence of cortical injuries on the process of “direction.”'' (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1938) *''Studies of abnormal behavior in the rat : the neurotic pattern and an analysis of the situation which produces it'' (New York, London : Harper & brothers, 1939). *''Studies of abnormal behavior in the rat. II. A comparison of some convulsion-producing situations'' (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1940) On I/O psychology *''Psychology in industry; a psychological approach to industrial problems'' (Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1946; 2nd ed. 1955) *''Frustration: the study of behavior without a goal'' (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1949) *''Principles of human relations: applications to management'' (New York: Wiley, 1952) *(Allen R. Solem and Ayesha A. Maier ) ''Supervisory and executive development: a manual for role playing'' (New York: Wiley, 1957; revised ed. 1975 under the title ''The role-play technique : a handbook for management and leadership practice''.) *''The appraisal interview: objectives, methods, and skills'' (New York: Wiley, 1958; revised edition 1975 under the title ''The appraisal interview: three basic approaches'') *(John J. Hayes ) ''Creative management'' (New York: Wiley, 1962) *''Problem-solving discussions and conferences: leadership methods and skills'' (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963) *''Problem solving and creativity in individuals and groups'' (Belmont, Calif., Brooks/Cole Pub. Co., 1970) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Norman Maier」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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